Volume 15, Issue 3 · IJARST · ISSN 2319-1783 / 2320-1126

A Robust Optical Watermarking Scheme Using Phase Encoding in Gyrator Transform Domain

A Robust Optical Watermarking Scheme Using Phase Encoding in Gyrator Transform Domain is an open-access, peer-reviewed research paper by Nagander Singh Tomer and Anoop Kumar, published in Volume 15, Issue 3 of the International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology (IJARST), a UGC-approved journal (Print ISSN 2319-1783, Online ISSN 2320-1126).

Author

Nagander Singh Tomer and Anoop Kumar

Abstract

The increasing need for secure digital image protection has motivated the development of robust and imperceptible watermarking techniques. This work proposes an optical watermarking framework integrating phase encoding, random phase modulation, Gyrator transform, Hessenberg decomposition, and Umbrella-map-based chaotic scrambling for secure watermark embedding and extraction. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using MSE, PSNR, SSIM, correlation coefficient, histogram analysis, pixel correlation, and noise robustness. The extracted watermark achieves an SSIM of 1 and a PSNR of 276.0824 dB, indicating excellent structural fidelity and negligible reconstruction distortion. Moreover, the watermark remains reliably recoverable under Gaussian noise with a strength of 1.5, demonstrating strong noise robustness. The results confirm that the proposed framework provides secure and high-quality watermarking with effective protection against noise, making it suitable for secure image communication, authentication, and copyright protection.

Keywords: Optical watermarking; Image encryption; Phase encoding; Gyrator transform; Hessenberg decomposition; Umbrella chaotic map.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.62226/ijarst20262806

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DOI

10.62226/ijarst20262806

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How do you cite this paper?

Nagander Singh Tomer and Anoop Kumar — “A Robust Optical Watermarking Scheme Using Phase Encoding in Gyrator Transform Domain.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology (IJARST), Volume 15, Issue 3. DOI: 10.62226/ijarst20262806.

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